PKNCA can assign and convert units for reporting.
A unit assignment and conversion table can be generated as a
data.frame to use with the pknca_units_table() function or
manually.
The simplest method each of the types of units for inputs and automatically generates the units for each NCA parameter.
d_units_auto <- pknca_units_table(concu="ng/mL", doseu="mg", amountu="mg", timeu="hr")
# Show a selection of the units generated
d_units_auto[d_units_auto$PPTESTCD %in% c("cmax", "tmax", "auclast", "cl.obs", "vd.obs"), ]
#> PPORRESU PPTESTCD
#> 22 hr tmax
#> 51 ng/mL cmax
#> 81 hr*ng/mL auclast
#> 117 mg/(hr*ng/mL) cl.obsAs you see above, the default units table has a column for the
PPTESTCD indicating the parameter. And, the column
PPORRESU indicates what the default units are.
Without unit conversion, the units for some parameters (notably
clearances and volumes) are not so useful. You can add a conversion
table to make any units into the desired units. For automatic conversion
to work, the units must always be convertible (by the units
library). Notably for automatic conversion, you cannot go from mass to
molar units since there is not a unique conversion from mass to
moles.
d_units_clean <-
pknca_units_table(
concu="ng/mL", doseu="mg", amountu="mg", timeu="hr",
conversions=
data.frame(
PPORRESU=c("mg/(hr*ng/mL)", "mg/(ng/mL)", "hr"),
PPSTRESU=c("L/hr", "L", "day")
)
)
# Show a selection of the units generated
d_units_clean[d_units_clean$PPTESTCD %in% c("cmax", "tmax", "auclast", "cl.obs", "vd.obs"), ]
#> PPORRESU PPTESTCD PPSTRESU conversion_factor
#> 22 hr tmax day 4.166667e-02
#> 51 ng/mL cmax ng/mL 1.000000e+00
#> 81 hr*ng/mL auclast hr*ng/mL 1.000000e+00
#> 117 mg/(hr*ng/mL) cl.obs L/hr 1.000000e+03Now, the units are much cleaner to look at.
To do a conversion that is not possible directly with the
units library, you can add the conversion factor manually
by adding the conversion_factor column. You can
mix-and-match manual and automatic modification by setting the
conversion_factor column to NA when you want
automatic conversion. In the example below, we convert concentration
units to molar. Note that AUC units are not set to molar because we did
not specify that conversion; all conversions must be specified.
d_units_clean_manual <-
pknca_units_table(
concu="ng/mL", doseu="mg", amountu="mg", timeu="hr",
conversions=
data.frame(
PPORRESU=c("mg/(hr*ng/mL)", "mg/(ng/mL)", "hr", "ng/mL"),
PPSTRESU=c("L/hr", "L", "day", "nmol/L"),
conversion_factor=c(NA, NA, NA, 1000/123)
)
)
# Show a selection of the units generated
d_units_clean_manual[d_units_clean_manual$PPTESTCD %in% c("cmax", "tmax", "auclast", "cl.obs", "vd.obs"), ]
#> PPORRESU PPTESTCD PPSTRESU conversion_factor
#> 22 hr tmax day 4.166667e-02
#> 51 ng/mL cmax nmol/L 8.130081e+00
#> 81 hr*ng/mL auclast hr*ng/mL 1.000000e+00
#> 117 mg/(hr*ng/mL) cl.obs L/hr 1.000000e+03For more details on parts of this NCA calculation example unrelated to units, see the theophylline example vignette.
conc_obj <- PKNCAconc(as.data.frame(datasets::Theoph), conc~Time|Subject)
d_dose <- unique(datasets::Theoph[datasets::Theoph$Time == 0,
c("Dose", "Time", "Subject")])
dose_obj <- PKNCAdose(d_dose, Dose~Time|Subject)The difference from a calculation without units comes when setting up
the PKNCAdata object. You will add the units with the
units argument.
Since no urine or other similar collection is performed, the
amountu argument is omitted for
pknca_units_table().
d_units <-
pknca_units_table(
concu="mg/L", doseu="mg/kg", timeu="hr",
# use molar units for concentrations and AUCs
conversions=
data.frame(
PPORRESU=c("(mg/kg)/(hr*mg/L)", "(mg/kg)/(mg/L)", "mg/L", "hr*mg/L"),
PPSTRESU=c("L/hr/kg", "L/kg", "mmol/L", "hr*mmol/L"),
conversion_factor=c(NA, NA, 1/180.164, 1/180.164)
)
)
data_obj <- PKNCAdata(conc_obj, dose_obj, units=d_units)
result_obj <- pk.nca(data_obj)
summary(result_obj)
#> Interval Start Interval End N AUClast (hr*mmol/L) Cmax (mmol/L)
#> 0 24 12 0.414 [24.3] .
#> 0 Inf 12 . 0.0480 [17.0]
#> Tmax (hr) Half-life (hr) AUCinf,obs (hr*mmol/L)
#> . . .
#> 1.14 [0.630, 3.55] 8.18 [2.12] 0.637 [28.4]
#>
#> Caption: AUClast, Cmax, AUCinf,obs: geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation; Tmax: median and range; Half-life: arithmetic mean and standard deviation; N: number of subjectsSometimes, when multiple analytes are used and, for example, molar outputs are desired while inputs are in mass units. Different unit conversions may be required for different inputs.
Different unit conversions can be used by adding the grouping column to the units specification.
Start by setting up a concentration dataset with two analytes. Since the dosing doesn’t have an “Analyte” column, it will be matched to all concentration measures for the subject.
d_conc_theoph <- as.data.frame(datasets::Theoph)
d_conc_theoph$Analyte <- "Theophylline"
# Approximately 6% of theophylline is metabolized to caffeine
# (https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165958541). Let's pretend that means it
# has 6% of the theophylline concentration at all times.
d_conc_caffeine <- as.data.frame(datasets::Theoph)
d_conc_caffeine$conc <- 0.06*d_conc_caffeine$conc
d_conc_caffeine$Analyte <- "Caffeine"
d_conc <- rbind(d_conc_theoph, d_conc_caffeine)
d_dose <- unique(datasets::Theoph[datasets::Theoph$Time == 0,
c("Dose", "Time", "Subject")])Setup the units with an “Analyte” column to separate the units used.
d_units_theoph <-
pknca_units_table(
concu="mg/L", doseu="mg/kg", timeu="hr",
# use molar units for concentrations and AUCs
conversions=
data.frame(
PPORRESU=c("(mg/kg)/(hr*mg/L)", "(mg/kg)/(mg/L)", "mg/L", "hr*mg/L"),
PPSTRESU=c("L/hr/kg", "L/kg", "mmol/L", "hr*mmol/L"),
conversion_factor=c(NA, NA, 1/180.164, 1/180.164)
)
)
d_units_theoph$Analyte <- "Theophylline"
d_units_caffeine <-
pknca_units_table(
concu="mg/L", doseu="mg/kg", timeu="hr",
# use molar units for concentrations and AUCs
conversions=
data.frame(
PPORRESU=c("(mg/kg)/(hr*mg/L)", "(mg/kg)/(mg/L)", "mg/L", "hr*mg/L"),
PPSTRESU=c("L/hr/kg", "L/kg", "mmol/L", "hr*mmol/L"),
conversion_factor=c(NA, NA, 1/194.19, 1/194.19)
)
)
d_units_caffeine$Analyte <- "Caffeine"
d_units <- rbind(d_units_theoph, d_units_caffeine)Now, calculate adding the different units per analyte to the data object.
conc_obj <- PKNCAconc(d_conc, conc~Time|Subject/Analyte)
dose_obj <- PKNCAdose(d_dose, Dose~Time|Subject)
data_obj <- PKNCAdata(conc_obj, dose_obj, units=d_units)
result_obj <- pk.nca(data_obj)
summary(result_obj)
#> Interval Start Interval End Analyte N AUClast (hr*mmol/L) Cmax (mmol/L)
#> 0 24 Theophylline 12 0.414 [24.3] .
#> 0 Inf Theophylline 12 . 0.0480 [17.0]
#> 0 24 Caffeine 12 0.0231 [24.3] .
#> 0 Inf Caffeine 12 . 0.00267 [17.0]
#> Tmax (hr) Half-life (hr) AUCinf,obs (hr*mmol/L)
#> . . .
#> 1.14 [0.630, 3.55] 8.18 [2.12] 0.637 [28.4]
#> . . .
#> 1.14 [0.630, 3.55] 8.18 [2.12] 0.0355 [28.4]
#>
#> Caption: AUClast, Cmax, AUCinf,obs: geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation; Tmax: median and range; Half-life: arithmetic mean and standard deviation; N: number of subjects