# Average treatment effect (ATE) for Restricted mean survival and years lost of Competing risks

#### Klaus Holst & Thomas Scheike

#### 2026-05-23

The `resmeanATE` or `resmeanIPCW`/`rmstIPCW` functions fit an exponential or linear link model with IPCW adjustment at a specific time point for the restricted mean survival or years lost in competing risks. The computation is linear in the data size, making it suitable for large datasets. Influence functions are computed and available for downstream inference.

Key features:

- censoring weights can be stratum-dependent
- predictions can be computed with standard errors
- computation time is linear in data size, including standard errors
- cluster-corrected standard errors are available via the `clusters` argument

# RMST

Regression for rmst outcome \(E(T \wedge t | X) = exp(X^T \beta)\) based on IPCW adjustment for censoring, thus solving the estimating equation \[\begin{align*} & X^T [ (T \wedge t) \frac{I(C > T \wedge t)}{G_C(T \wedge t,X)} - exp(X^T \beta) ] = 0 . \end{align*}\] This is done with the resmeanIPCW function. For a fully saturated model with a complete censoring model this is equal to the integral of the Kaplan-Meier estimator, as illustrated below.

We can also compute the integral of the Kaplan-Meier or Cox-based survival estimator to get the RMST (using the `resmean_phreg` function): \[ \int_0^t S(s|X) ds. \]

For competing risks, the years lost can be computed via cumulative incidence functions (`cif_yearslost`) or as an IPCW estimator, since \[ E( I(\epsilon=1) ( t - T \wedge t ) | X) = \int_0^t F_1(s) ds. \] For a fully saturated model with a complete censoring model these estimators are equivalent, as illustrated below.

    set.seed(101)

         data(bmt); bmt$time <- bmt$time+runif(nrow(bmt))*0.001

         # E( min(T;t) | X ) = exp( a+b X) with IPCW estimation
         out <- resmeanIPCW(Event(time,cause!=0)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,
                         time=50,cens.model=~strata(platelet),model="exp")
         summary(out)
    #>    n events
    #>  408    245
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>              Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept)  3.014321  0.065114  2.886700  3.141941  0.0000
    #> tcell        0.106526  0.138268 -0.164473  0.377525  0.4410
    #> platelet     0.247103  0.097337  0.056325  0.437880  0.0111
    #> age         -0.185936  0.043566 -0.271324 -0.100548  0.0000
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate     2.5%   97.5%
    #> (Intercept) 20.37524 17.93403 23.1488
    #> tcell        1.11241  0.84834  1.4587
    #> platelet     1.28031  1.05794  1.5494
    #> age          0.83033  0.76237  0.9043

          ### same as Kaplan-Meier for full censoring model
         bmt$int <- with(bmt,strata(tcell,platelet))
         out <- resmeanIPCW(Event(time,cause!=0)~-1+int,bmt,time=30,
                                      cens.model=~strata(platelet,tcell),model="lin")
         estimate(out)
    #>                        Estimate Std.Err  2.5% 97.5%   P-value
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=0    13.60  0.8316 11.97 15.23 3.826e-60
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=1    18.90  1.2696 16.41 21.39 3.997e-50
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=0    16.19  2.4061 11.48 20.91 1.705e-11
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=1    17.77  2.4536 12.96 22.58 4.463e-13
         out1 <- phreg(Surv(time,cause!=0)~strata(tcell,platelet),data=bmt)
         rm1 <- resmean_phreg(out1,times=30)
         summary(rm1)
    #>                     strata times    rmean  se.rmean    lower    upper
    #> tcell=0, platelet=0      0    30 13.60295 0.8315418 12.06700 15.33439
    #> tcell=0, platelet=1      1    30 18.90127 1.2693263 16.57021 21.56026
    #> tcell=1, platelet=0      2    30 16.19121 2.4006185 12.10806 21.65131
    #> tcell=1, platelet=1      3    30 17.76610 2.4421987 13.57008 23.25956
    #>                     years.lost
    #> tcell=0, platelet=0   16.39705
    #> tcell=0, platelet=1   11.09873
    #> tcell=1, platelet=0   13.80879
    #> tcell=1, platelet=1   12.23390

         ## competing risks years-lost for cause 1
         out <- resmeanIPCW(Event(time,cause)~-1+int,bmt,time=30,cause=1,
                                     cens.model=~strata(platelet,tcell),model="lin")
         estimate(out)
    #>                        Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=0   12.105  0.8508 10.438 13.773 6.162e-46
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=1    6.884  1.1741  4.583  9.185 4.536e-09
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=0    7.261  2.3533  2.648 11.873 2.033e-03
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=1    5.780  2.0925  1.679  9.882 5.737e-03
         ## same as integrated cumulative incidence
         rmc1 <- cif_yearslost(Event(time,cause)~strata(tcell,platelet),data=bmt,times=30,cause=1)
         summary(rmc1)
    #> $estimate
    #> $estimate$intF_1
    #>                     strata times    intF_1 se.intF_1 lower_intF_1 upper_intF_1
    #> tcell=0, platelet=0      0    30 12.105125 0.8508102    10.547328    13.893001
    #> tcell=0, platelet=1      1    30  6.884171 1.1740988     4.928092     9.616665
    #> tcell=1, platelet=0      2    30  7.260755 2.3532867     3.846790    13.704561
    #> tcell=1, platelet=1      3    30  5.780369 2.0924946     2.843285    11.751429
    #>
    #> $estimate$intF_2
    #>                     strata times   intF_2 se.intF_2 lower_intF_2 upper_intF_2
    #> tcell=0, platelet=0      0    30 4.291930 0.6161439     3.239330     5.686565
    #> tcell=0, platelet=1      1    30 4.214556 0.9057028     2.765857     6.422055
    #> tcell=1, platelet=0      2    30 6.548034 1.9703340     3.630616    11.809770
    #> tcell=1, platelet=1      3    30 6.453535 2.0815225     3.429661    12.143507
    #>
    #>
    #> $total.years.lost
    #> [1] 16.39705 11.09873 13.80879 12.23390

         ## plotting the years lost for different horizon's and the two causes
         par(mfrow=c(1,3))
         plot(rm1,years.lost=TRUE,se=1)
         ## cause refers to column of cumhaz for the different causes
         plot(rmc1,cause=1,se=1)
         plot(rmc1,cause=2,se=1)

Based on the output from the IPCW estimators we can derive any measure of interest

    estimate(out)
    #>                        Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=0   12.105  0.8508 10.438 13.773 6.162e-46
    #> inttcell=0, platelet=1    6.884  1.1741  4.583  9.185 4.536e-09
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=0    7.261  2.3533  2.648 11.873 2.033e-03
    #> inttcell=1, platelet=1    5.780  2.0925  1.679  9.882 5.737e-03

    measures <- function(p) {
     ratio1 <- p[1]/p[2]; ratio2 <- p[2]/p[1]; dif1 <- p[4]-p[1]; dif2 <- p[3]-p[1]
     m <- c(dif1,dif2,ratio1,ratio2)
     return(m)
    }

     labs <- c("dif4-1","dif3-1","ratio 1/2","ratio 2/1")
     estimate(out,f=measures,labels=labs)
    #>           Estimate Std.Err     2.5%    97.5%   P-value
    #> dif4-1     -6.3248  2.2589 -10.7520 -1.89748 5.111e-03
    #> dif3-1     -4.8444  2.5024  -9.7489  0.06018 5.288e-02
    #> ratio 1/2   1.7584  0.3244   1.1227  2.39414 5.924e-08
    #> ratio 2/1   0.5687  0.1049   0.3631  0.77431 5.924e-08

# Average treatment effect

This section computes the average treatment effect for restricted mean survival and years lost in the competing risks setting.

     dfactor(bmt) <- tcell~tcell
     bmt$event <- (bmt$cause!=0)*1
     out <- resmeanATE(Event(time,event)~tcell+platelet,data=bmt,time=40,treat.model=tcell~platelet)
     summary(out)
    #>    n events
    #>  408    241
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>              Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept)  2.852670  0.062493  2.730187  2.975153  0.0000
    #> tcell1       0.021401  0.122907 -0.219493  0.262295  0.8618
    #> platelet     0.303489  0.090758  0.125606  0.481372  0.0008
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate     2.5%   97.5%
    #> (Intercept) 17.33400 15.33575 19.5926
    #> tcell1       1.02163  0.80293  1.2999
    #> platelet     1.35458  1.13383  1.6183
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (G-formula) :
    #>           Estimate  Std.Err     2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> treat0    19.26223  0.95926 17.38212 21.14234  0.0000
    #> treat1    19.67890  2.22777 15.31255 24.04526  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0  0.41667  2.41067 -4.30815  5.14150  0.8628
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (double robust) :
    #>           Estimate  Std.Err     2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> treat0    19.28131  0.95807 17.40352 21.15910  0.0000
    #> treat1    20.34466  2.54101 15.36438 25.32494  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0  1.06335  2.70979 -4.24773  6.37443  0.6948

     out1 <- resmeanATE(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet,data=bmt,cause=1,time=40,
                treat.model=tcell~platelet)
     summary(out1)
    #>    n events
    #>  408    157
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>              Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept)  2.806295  0.069619  2.669845  2.942745  0.0000
    #> tcell1      -0.374065  0.247669 -0.859488  0.111358  0.1310
    #> platelet    -0.491736  0.164946 -0.815025 -0.168447  0.0029
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate     2.5%   97.5%
    #> (Intercept) 16.54849 14.43773 18.9678
    #> tcell1       0.68793  0.42338  1.1178
    #> platelet     0.61156  0.44263  0.8450
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (G-formula) :
    #>           Estimate  Std.Err     2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> treat0    14.53185  0.95707 12.65604 16.40767  0.0000
    #> treat1     9.99693  2.37814  5.33587 14.65800  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0 -4.53492  2.57516 -9.58213  0.51229  0.0782
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (double robust) :
    #>             Estimate    Std.Err       2.5%      97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     14.513742   0.958025  12.636048  16.391436  0.0000
    #> treat1      9.365012   2.417032   4.627717  14.102307  0.0001
    #> treat:1-0  -5.148730   2.597947 -10.240612  -0.056848  0.0475

     out2 <- resmeanATE(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet,data=bmt,cause=2,time=40,
                treat.model=tcell~platelet)
     summary(out2)
    #>    n events
    #>  408     84
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>               Estimate    Std.Err       2.5%      97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept)  1.8266090  0.1312181  1.5694263  2.0837918  0.0000
    #> tcell1       0.4751558  0.2403839  0.0040121  0.9462996  0.0481
    #> platelet    -0.0090724  0.2168469 -0.4340845  0.4159397  0.9666
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> (Intercept)  6.21278 4.80389 8.0349
    #> tcell1       1.60826 1.00402 2.5762
    #> platelet     0.99097 0.64786 1.5158
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (G-formula) :
    #>           Estimate  Std.Err     2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     6.19518  0.71372  4.79631  7.59405  0.0000
    #> treat1     9.96349  2.09256  5.86216 14.06482  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0  3.76831  2.21654 -0.57602  8.11264  0.0891
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (double robust) :
    #>           Estimate  Std.Err     2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     6.20484  0.71392  4.80559  7.60410  0.0000
    #> treat1    10.30065  2.21700  5.95542 14.64588  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0  4.09581  2.32897 -0.46889  8.66050  0.0786

# SessionInfo

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.6.0 (2026-04-24)
    #> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
    #> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #> BLAS:   /home/kkzh/.asdf/installs/r/4.6.0/lib/R/lib/libRblas.so
    #> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.12.0  LAPACK version 3.12.0
    #>
    #> locale:
    #>  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C
    #>  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
    #>  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
    #>  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C
    #>  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C
    #> [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
    #>
    #> time zone: Europe/Copenhagen
    #> tzcode source: system (glibc)
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] splines   stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    #> [8] base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] timereg_2.0.7  survival_3.8-6 mets_1.3.10
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] cli_3.6.6              knitr_1.51             rlang_1.2.0
    #>  [4] xfun_0.57              KernSmooth_2.23-26     otel_0.2.0
    #>  [7] jsonlite_2.0.0         listenv_0.10.1         future.apply_1.20.2
    #> [10] lava_1.9.1             htmltools_0.5.9        stats4_4.6.0
    #> [13] sass_0.4.10            rmarkdown_2.31         grid_4.6.0
    #> [16] evaluate_1.0.5         jquerylib_0.1.4        fastmap_1.2.0
    #> [19] numDeriv_2016.8-1.1    yaml_2.3.12            mvtnorm_1.3-7
    #> [22] lifecycle_1.0.5        compiler_4.6.0         codetools_0.2-20
    #> [25] ucminf_1.2.3           Rcpp_1.1.1-1.1         future_1.70.0
    #> [28] lattice_0.22-9         digest_0.6.39          R6_2.6.1
    #> [31] parallelly_1.47.0      parallel_4.6.0         Matrix_1.7-5
    #> [34] bslib_0.11.0           tools_4.6.0            RcppArmadillo_15.2.6-1
    #> [37] globals_0.19.1         cachem_1.1.0